1. When molecules are broken apart in respiration,
A. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.
B. the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source.
C. the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.
D. ATP is converted into ADP.
E. ADP is released as a waste product.
2. Cellular respiration
A. is the reverse of the process of photosynthesis.
B. involves the physical exchange of gases.
C. is a mechanism of tapping the energy found in the bonds between atoms forming organic compounds.
D. can occur only if there is a supply of glucose available because no other compound is involved in cellular respiration.
E. occurs only in animal cells.
3. Which of the following liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?
A. aerobic respiration
B. anaerobic respiration
C. alcoholic fermentation
D. lactate fermentation
E. All liberate the same amount, but through different means.
4. The correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below is: I. glycolysis II. ETP III. rebs
A. I (r) II (r) III
B. II (r)I (r) III
C. III(r)I (r) II
D. II (r)III (r) I
E. I (r) III (r) II
5. How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 36
E. 38
6. The Krebs cycle takes place in the
A. ribosomes.
B. cytoplasm.
C. nucleus.
D. mitochondria.
E. chloroplasts.
7. The greatest number of ATP molecules is produced in
A. glycolysis.
B. alcoholic fermentation.
C. anaerobic electron transport.
D. electron transport phosphorylation.
E. the Krebs cycle.
8. During electron transport phosphorylation, which ions accumulate in the outer compartment of the mitochondria?
A. calcium
B. hydrogen
C. oxygen
D. phosphorus
E. sodium
9. When a cell undergoes mitosis,
A. the daughter cells have identical genes.
B. the daughter cell has genes identical to those of the mother cell that produced it.
C. the amount of cytoplasm in the mother cell and in each of the daughter cells is equal.
D. there is an exact duplication and division of all of the organelles between daughter cells.
E. both a and b, but not c or d
10. Which of the following is NOT associated with meiosis?
A. reduction of number of chromosomes
B. somatic cells
C. sexual reproduction
D. sperm and egg
E. germ cells
11. In mitosis, if a parent cell has sixteen chromosomes, each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?
A. 64
B. 32
C. 16
D. 8
E. 4
12. Chromatids that are attached at the centromere are called what kind of chromatids?
A. mother
B. daughter
C. sister
D. programmed
E. either a or b, but not c or d
13. Which statement is true of the behavior of chromosomes in mitosis?
A. Each new cell receives half of the number of chromosomes in the original cell.
B. Each new cell receives one pair of all the original chromosomes.
C. If the original number of chromosomes was forty-six, each new cell will have twenty-three.
D. The sister chromosomes are not identical due to breakages in the DNA.
E. All chromosomes are duplicated except the sex chromosomes.
14. Chromosomes are duplicated during which phase?
A. M
B. D
C. G1
D. G2
E. S
15. The interval before the onset of DNA replication is
A. the G1 stage.
B. the G2 stage.
C. the M stage.
D. the S stage.
E. all stages.
16. The chromatids detach from one another and become visibly separate chromosomes during
A. anaphase.
B. metaphase.
C. interphase.
D. prophase.
E. telophase.
17. In eukaryotic cells, which can occur during the stages of mitosis?
A. the duplication of chromatids
B. the replication of DNA
C. synapsis and crossing over
D. fragmentation and disappearance of nuclear envelope and nucleolus
E. all of the above
18. Which of the following is the proper sequence for mitosis? I. metaphase III. prophase II. telophase IV. anaphase
A. I, III, IV, II
B. I, II, III, IV
C. III, I, IV, II
D. IV, I, III, II
E. III, IV, I, II
19. Sexual reproduction
A. leads to uniform characteristics in a population.
B. results in new combinations of genetic traits.
C. produces genetic clones.
D. requires less tissue differentiation than asexual reproduction.
E. c and d
20. Different, or alternative, forms of the same gene are called
A. genetomorphs.
B. alleles.
C. mutants.
D. chromatids.
E. homologous.
21. Homologous chromosomes
A. may exchange parts during meiosis.
B. have alleles for the same characteristics even though the gene expression may not be the same.
C. are in pairs, one chromosome of each pair from the father and one from the mother.
D. pair up during meiosis.
E. all of the above
22. Synapsis and crossing over occur during
A. anaphase I.
B. metaphase II.
C. prophase I.
D. prophase II.
E. telophase II.
23. Paired homologous chromosomes are found at the spindle equator during
A. metaphase I.
B. telophase I.
C. prophase II.
D. metaphase II.
E. anaphase II.
24. Crossing over
A. increases variability in gametes.
B. results in only one exchange per homologue.
C. occurs between sister chromatids.
D. prevents genetic recombination.
E. is followed immediately by separation of each of the chromatids.
25. If a diploid organism has a genome consisting of four chromosomes, it can produce ____________ different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes (disregarding crossing over).
A. `4
B. 8
C. 12
D. 16
E. 32
26. During meiosis II,
A. cytokinesis results in the formation of a total of two cells.
B. sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated from each other.
C. homologous chromosomes synapse.
D. homologous chromosomes separate.
E. sister chromatids exchange parts.
27. Meiosis typically results in the production of
A. two diploid cells.
B. four diploid cells.
C. four haploid cells.
D. two haploid cells.
E. one triploid cell.
28. Various forms of a gene at a given locus are called
A. chiasmata.
B. alleles.
C. autosomes.
D. loci.
E. chromatids.
29. Diploid organisms
A. have corresponding alleles on homologous chromosomes.
B. are usually the result of the fusion of two haploid gametes.
C. have two sets of chromosomes.
D. have pairs of homologous chromosomes.
E. all of the above
30. Which of the following genotypes is homozygous?
A. AaBB
B. aABB
C. aaBB
D. aaBb
E. AaBb
31. The most accurate description of an organism with genotype AaBb is
A. homozygous dominant.
B. heterozygous.
C. heterozygous dominant.
D. homozygous recessive.
E. heterozygous recessive.
32. If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of progeny will be produced?
A. all intermediate forms
B. all tall
C. all dwarf
D. 1/2 tall, 1/2 dwarf
E. 3/4 tall, 1/4 dwarf
33. Short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (l). If a short-haired animal of unknown origin is crossed with a long-haired animal and they produce one long-haired and one short-haired offspring, this would indicate that
A. the short-haired animal was pure-breeding.
B. the short-haired animal was not pure-breeding.
C. the long-haired animal was not pure-breeding.
D. the long-haired animal was pure-breeding.
E. none of the above can be determined with two offspring.
34. If all the offspring of a testcross are alike and resemble the organism being tested, then that parent is
A. homozygous dominant.
B. homozygous recessive.
C. heterozygous.
D. recessive.
E. incompletely dominant.
35. Mendel's theory of independent assortment states that
A. one allele is always dominant to another.
B. hereditary units from the male and female parents are blended in the offspring.
C. the two hereditary units that influence a certain trait segregate during gamete formation.
D. each hereditary unit is inherited separately from other hereditary units.
E. all of the above
36. An individual with a genotype of Aa Bb CC is able to produce how many different kinds of gametes?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 7
E. 8
37. Which of the following would be an exception to the theory of independent assortment?
A. dominance
B. recessiveness
C. incomplete dominance
D. pleiotropy
E. linkage
38. If short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (l), then to determine the genotype of a short-haired animal it should be crossed with
A. LL.
B. Ll.
C. ll.
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
39. Coat color in one breed of mice is controlled by incompletely dominant alleles so that yellow and white are homozygous, while cream is heterozygous. The cross of two cream individuals will produce
A. all cream offspring.
B. equal numbers of white and yellow mice, but no cream offspring.
C. equal numbers of white and cream mice.
D. equal numbers of yellow and cream mice.
E. equal numbers of white and yellow mice, with twice as many creams as the other two colors.
40. The F2 phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross involving a gene with incompletely dominant alleles is
A. 1:1.
B. 2:1.
C. 9:3:3:1.
D. 1:2:1.
E. 3:1.
41. If a child has an AB blood type, the parents
A. must both have different blood types.
B. must be A and B, but not AB.
C. must both be AB.
D. can be any blood type.
E. can have different blood types, but neither can be blood type O.
42. In incomplete dominance,
A. one allele is not dominant to another allele.
B. the genotype can be determined by the phenotype.
C. the heterozygote is somewhat intermediate to the two homozygotes.
D. the intermediate phenotype may be the result of enzyme insufficiency.
E. all of the above
43. If R is dominant to r, the offspring of the cross of RR with rr will
A. be homozygous.
B. display the same phenotype as the RR parent.
C. display the same phenotype as the rr parent.
D. have the same genotype as the RR parent.
E. have the same genotype as the rr parent.
44. Genes are
A. located on chromosomes.
B. inherited in the same way as chromosomes.
C. arranged in linear sequence on chromosomes.
D. assorted independently during meiosis.
E. all of the above
45. In genetic analyses, researchers know that linkage of genes will introduce exceptions to the principle of
A. dominance.
B. segregation.
C. recessiveness.
D. independent assortment.
E. chromosomal inheritance.
46. If alleles L, M, and N are on the maternal chromosome and l, m, and n are on the paternal chromosome, the only way that a gamete from a heterozygote will produce a gamete with alleles l, m, and N is through
A. nondisjunction.
B. the laws of segregation.
C. the law of independent assortment.
D. crossing over.
E. chromosome aberration.
47. The probability of producing a normal child by two parents who are carriers for an autosomal recessive disorder is
A. 50 percent.
B. 0 percent.
C. 100 percent.
D. 25 percent.
E. 75 percent.